Viral hepatitis is one of the most prevalent diseases world wide and is the commonest cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer. Chronic viral hepatitis can be caused by, HBV, HCV or HDV superimposed on HBV, these viruses may infect high – risk population such as intravenous drug abusers and hemophiliacs. In order to find out the chronic hepatitis in intravenous drug abusers in Hamadan province this study was carried out.The study was done as the forensic medicine of Hamadan province, in 1997-98. The specimens were prepared as routine diagnostic method in histopathologic laboratories.Chronic hepatitis were found in 34 (14.2%) cases that 29 (85%) of them were addict with 27 of cases intravenous drug abusers (93.1%), and in 6 of cases with history of addiction there was no evidence of the histological criterion of chronic hepatitis.As other countries, the majority of our cases were intravenous drug users and inactive periods of life.

Introduction: Substance Abuse Subjects after drinking and entering Rehabilitation Therapies, reuse drugs in a short period of time. Objective: Determination of factors associated with drug abuse recurrence in Drug AbuseTreatment Centers Patients. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with control group selection. The population under study consisted of those referred to the Drug Abuse Treatment Centers in Shafa Hospital of Rasht in 2016-2017. 82 subjects (41 cases and 41 controls) were selected by available sampling method and completed researcher-made questionnaires containing demographic data and factors related to the recurrence of drug abuse from one's point of view, as well as GHQ 28. Data were analyzed using SPSS-22 software. Results: There was a significant relationship between consumption recurrence with job type (p = 0. 031), low income (p = 0. 036), opium type (p = 0. 020), cannabis (p <0. 0001) and glass (P = 0. 008). The odds of relapse were significantly lower amongst consumers in the food way (p = 0. 026). There was a significant relationship between total score of mental health and relapse of substance abuse and a unit of mental health score reduction increased the odds of recurrence of drug abuse by 1. 15 times. Among the components of mental health, social dimension has a significant relationship with the recurrence of substance use Conclusion: The results showed that multiple economic, individual, familial, social and psychological factor sare predictive of the recurrence of drug abuse.

In this clinical trial, 100 patients who underwent elective abdominal and inguinal hernia surgeries at Kerman university hospital were selected randomly. The patients were divided in two groups; 50 patients, opium addicted and 50 patients, non opium addicted patients. The day before surgery at 8 o'clock, the cortisol serum level in the two groups was measured using imiunoassay. The duration of recovery period and post anaesthetic complications were compared.  Serum cortisol levels in 50 addicted patients were as follows: less than normal in 17 (34%) patients; more than normal in 5(10%) patients and normal in 28 (56%) patients. The low levels of serum cortisol were related to the duration and severity of opium addiction but they were not significant from the statistical point of view. The cortisol level in the other group was normal (100%) X2=20.13, PV= 0.34. The post-anaesthetic complications and withdrawal syndrome, especially pain and shivering in the recovery room were more in the opium addicted patients as compared to the other group. (PV<0.0001, X2=25). The duration of recovery period after cessation of anaesthesia was less in opium addicted patients as compared to non addicted patients and this was significant from the statistical point of view. It is therefore concluded that opium addicts (PV<0.0002, X2=26) are high risk patients for elective surgery, and special attention must be given for successful anaesthesia in these patients.

Introduction: Main purpose of the present research is the study of relationship between anger, self-efficiency, coping styles, tendency to narcotic drug in a group of clients dependent to narcotic drugs.Methods: 180 men referred to Tehran City Aftab clinic who were diagnosed to be addicted on the basis of diagnostic criteria of DSMIV-TR and completed detoxification stage were selected by random sampling in accordance with an descriptive design. The clients were assessed with tests of self-efficiency, coping styles, second form of state-trait anger expression scales and, Iranian scale of readiness for addiction. The results were analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficient test and stepwise regression analysis.Results: The results showed that there was a positive significant correlation between anger and tendency to narcotic drug, also there was significant correlation between emotional coping style and tendency to narcotic drug. Negative and significant correlation was found between self-efficiency and tendency to narcotic drug. The results of stepwise regression analysis was showed self-efficiency has been most effective predictor on tendency to narcotic drug.Conclusion: it seems that variabls such as self-efficiency, anger and emotional coping style are most important predictors in tendency to narcotic drug use that should be special considered in next research and therapeutic intervention.

Background: Unreasonable consumption of narcotic drugs may cause several problems such as the incidence of some side effects, dependence and inappropriate pain relief. Drug Utilization Review (DUR) program-that nowadays is one of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education’s priorities - is to assess the problems of drug prescribing and usage, and present reforming suggestion to medical providers.Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in surgical ward of one of Tehran`s hospitals for Two Six months’ periods. At first a standard protocol was prepared. All hospitalized patients who had received narcotic drugs via injection after surgery entered the study.Results: In whole 200 reviewed patients, generally 26 (13%) patients taking narcotic drugs were according to protocol and 174 (87%) cases were against the protocol. In this cross-sectional study only 49 of 100 patients had pain relief after receiving narcotic drugs via injection.Conclusion: Physician orders were inappropriate and in 13 (6.5%) cases, there was no medical prescription.50% of patients still had pain after drug injection that was due to medical providers' concern for drug dependence in patients and lack of due supervision by the physician in charge.

The consumption of drugs and narcotics is threatening all the societies as a serious problem. Bad and destructive effects of the consumption of drugs and drug addiction on the body and soul of the human has increased this concern and has increased this concern and caused the increase of the familial and social insecurity. In the present societies, drugs and narcotics are regarded as the origins of lots of misbehaviors, abnormalities and crimes. When sensitive, effective and important group of the society, i.e. teenagers are targeted by these problems, the importance of the issue and necessity of fighting against this dangerous disaster are multiplied.As in securing the physical and spiritual health, prevention is better than treatment, so we should also admit that to protect social expediencies, the prevention of crime would be better than punishment. Today, prevention in a broad sense includes all criminal and non-criminal measures to abort the causes of the crimes commission.Considering that to prevent from each event, identifying its causing factors and its consequences is necessary, so this paper intends to explain the approaches to the prevention of methamphetamine consumption by teenagers by identifying the damages resulted from its usage and the factors causing its usage. Also, regarding the importance and effect of the field research in expressing different issues of this study, 100 male teenagers who were kept in quarantine part of Tehran House of Correction, waiting for their judgments were studied by interviews and filling out questionnaires.Methamphetamine consumption leads to physical, spiritual, social, economical and professional problems. Biological, personality, spiritual, cultural, social and economical factors have been considered as the instances of the causes of teenagers’ tendency toward methamphetamine consumption. But what are very important in legal and social survey are physical problems and the threat against public health and security and social problems including the increase of crimes against people and properties. Prevention approaches in two criminal and non-criminal ways are noticed by the criminal policymakers, but it seems that non-criminal approaches focusing on the individual, parents, educational setting, etc are more effective and appropriate for teenagers.

Unlike piracy and the slave trade that provided the first examples of international crimes and international jurisprudence in combination with prosecuting and punishing those who committed them, there are some other international crimes committed in maritime zones that have recently attracted the attention of the world community.Amongst different kinds of crimes, according to their degree of importance as mentioned above and how the world deals with them by entering into the international treaties, two items of important crimes such as narcotic and people smuggling by sea have been the subject of much attention. The spread of treaties to cope with the crimes mentioned above in territories beyond states jurisdictions have mainly focused on these discussions.This paper has also discussed the four Geneva Conventions (1958), Law of the Sea Convention (1982), the Geneva Convention (1988) and its Protocol on navigation security accompanied by other international and regional and reciprocal documents.

Objective The prevention against tobacco dependence project (PAD) in Iran is an interventional project that is in progress in four phases with a focus on the prevention of tobacco use from childhood to adolescence. This study, as the second phase of this project, aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the PAD project by investigating the knowledge and attitudes of school students with and without education based on this project. Methods This is a quasi-experimental and quantitative study that was conducted in Varamin, Iran, in 2022. Using a proportional stratified sampling method, 200 school students who were PAD helpers were selected as the intervention group and 200 non-PAD students as the control group. The educational intervention was about prevention against tobacco products provided by using booklets, pamphlets, brochures, posters, educational videos, holding scientific, cultural and artistic competitions, providing consulting services, and recreational and training camps. A 57-item questionnaire was designed based on the World Health Organization questionnaires. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 23 using t-test and Pearson’s correlation test. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results The mean score for the knowledge of the harms of tobacco in the PAD (24.41±0.32) and non-PAD (21.02±0.32) groups showed the significantly higher knowledge of the PAD group (P<0.05). Moreover, the mean score for the attitude variable in the PAD (18.156±0.31) and non-PAD (15.752±0.31) groups showed the significantly higher attitude of the PAD group (P<0.001).  Conclusion The PAD project has been effective in increasing awareness and changing the attitude of school students in Iran regarding tobacco smoking during the COVID-19 pandemic.